Edexcel Chemistry IGCSE

Solvent : The substance that the solute is getting dissolved into which then forms a solution. eg. In brine the solvent is the water Solute:   The   substance that is getting dissolved. eg. In brine the solute is the salt Solution:  The product formed from the reaction. eg. In brine the solution is the brine Saturated solution:   A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved, as it's reached its maximum capacity.

Osmosis : Water particles have   a kinetic energy which allows them to bounce off of each other and mix with the particles of the coloured solution. Eventually the coloured solution will be evenly dispersed  throughout the water, diluting it and making the water turn the colour of the dye. Osmosis is the movement of water from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane. Diffusion: Gas particles have a high kinetic  energy which allows them to bounce off each other and disperse throughout the air, mixing with other particles. eg. the spreading of the scent of perfume through the air Diffusion is the spreading of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Solid to Liquid- (melting)   The particles gain kinetic energy and vibrate faster. This allows the particles to overcome the forces of attraction that hold them in place in the solid state.  The regular pattern is broken down and the particles are free to 'slide over' each other. Liquid to Solid- (freezing) The particles lose kinetic energy which then allows the forces of attraction between the particles to hold them together. The particles are arranged in a regular pattern and cannot slide over each other. Liquid to Gas- (boiling) The particles gain kinetic energy and move further apart.  The forces of attraction between the particles are completely destroyed and are then able to escape from the liquid. Gas to Liquid- (condensing)  The particles lose kinetic energy, this allows the forces of attraction to bring the particles closer together.  The particles then cluster together to form a liquid. Solid to ...

Solids Particles touch and vibrate around a fixed point . They are in a fixed neat order . Particles have little energy. Liquids Particles touch . They are in a random order. Particles move over each other but are always touching at least one other particle. Particles have more energy than a solid but less than a gas. Gas Particles are far apart and bounce randomly around the container. Particles are not touching, though they may frequently collide . Particles have a great amount of energy.